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Present perfect: předpřítomný čas v angličtině

Čeština žádný předpřítomný čas nemá, a proto Češi říkají I know her for ten years nebo I have seen him yesterday. Tady je, jak se present perfect tvoří, kdy ho použít místo minulého času, for × since, been × gone a 109 cvičení s okamžitou kontrolou.

Czech has no present perfect, which is why Czech speakers say I know her for ten years or I have seen him yesterday. Here is how the present perfect is formed, when to use it instead of the past simple, for × since, been × gone and 109 self-checking exercises.

A2–B1109 cvičení s kontrolouVýklad česky i anglickyZdarma
Výklad:Explanation:
Věty ke cvičení jsou vždy anglicky.Practice sentences are always in English.

Jak se tvoří present perfectHow to form the present perfect

kdosubjectshe
+
have / hashas
+
třetí tvarthird formfinished
I / you / we / theyhe / she / it
kladná větapositiveI / you / we / they have workedhe / she / it has worked
zkráceněshort formI've seenshe's seen
zápornegativeI haven't finishedhe hasn't finished
otázkaquestionHave you been…?Has she been…?
krátká odpověďshort answerYes, I have. / No, I haven't.Yes, she has. / No, she hasn't.

Třetí tvar (past participle) mají pravidelná slovesa s -ed (work – worked – worked). Nepravidelná mají vlastní tvar: go – went – gone, see – saw – seen, write – wrote – written. Všechny najdeš v přehledu nepravidelných sloves.

Regular verbs form the third form (past participle) with -ed (work – worked – worked). Irregular verbs have their own form: go – went – gone, see – saw – seen, write – wrote – written. You can find them all in the irregular verbs list.

Kdy se present perfect používáWhen to use the present perfect

Present perfect vždycky spojuje minulost se současností. Nikdy u něj nestojí konkrétní uzavřený čas v minulosti.

The present perfect always links the past with now. It never goes with a specific finished time in the past.

Zkušenost až do teďExperience up to now

Have you ever been to Japan? I've never eaten sushi.
Kdy přesně, není důležité.When exactly does not matter.

Trvá to do teďIt continues until now

I've lived here since 2020. She's worked here for ten years.
Začalo to v minulosti a platí to pořád.It started in the past and is still true.

Výsledek je vidět teďThe result is visible now

I've lost my keys. The bus has just left.
Klíče teď nemám, autobus je pryč.I don't have my keys now; the bus is gone.

Období ještě neskončiloThe period isn't over

I've drunk three coffees today. It's rained a lot this week.
Dnešek i tenhle týden pořád běží.Today and this week are still going on.

Česky přítomný čas, anglicky present perfectCzech present, English present perfect

Nejčastější chyba Čechů: když něco začalo v minulosti a trvá do teď, čeština použije přítomný čas (bydlím, znám, pracuju). Angličtina tady potřebuje present perfect.

The most common Czech mistake: when something started in the past and continues now, Czech uses the present tense (bydlím, znám, pracuju). English needs the present perfect here.

českyCzechanglickyEnglish
Bydlím tu od roku 2020.I have lived here since 2020.
Znám ho deset let.I have known him for ten years.
Jak dlouho tu pracuješ?How long have you worked here?
Už jsi byl v Londýně?Have you ever been to London?
Ztratil jsem klíče (a nemám je).I've lost my keys.
Včera jsem ztratil klíče.I lost my keys yesterday. (past simple)

Present perfect, nebo past simple?Present perfect or past simple?

Present perfect

Souvisí s teď, čas neuvádíme nebo ještě běží.Connected to now; no time given, or the time is still going on.

everneverjustalreadyyetforsinceso fartodaythis week

I've seen that film.

Past simple

Víme, kdy to bylo, a ten čas skončil.We know when it happened and that time is over.

yesterdaylast weekin 2019two years agowhen…?then

I saw that film last week.

For, nebo since?For or since?

for + jak dlouho: for ten years, for two hours, for ages. since + od kdy: since 2020, since Monday, since I was a child. Česky je to v obou případech „od“ nebo „už“.

for + how long: for ten years, for two hours, for ages. since + from when: since 2020, since Monday, since I was a child. Czech uses „od“ or „už“ for both.

Ever, never, just, already, yetEver, never, just, already, yet

ever, never, just, already stojí mezi have/has a třetí tvar: I have just eaten. yet patří na konec otázky nebo záporu: Have you finished yet?

ever, never, just, already go between have/has and the third form: I have just eaten. yet goes at the end of a question or negative: Have you finished yet?

Been, nebo gone?Been or gone?

She has gone to Spain = odjela a je pořád tam. She has been to Spain = byla tam a už je zpátky, nebo to má za sebou jako zkušenost.

She has gone to Spain = she went and is still there. She has been to Spain = she went and came back, or it is an experience.

Nejčastější chyby Čechů v present perfectTypical Czech mistakes with the present perfect

Přítomný čas místo present perfectPresent instead of present perfect
  • I live here since 2020. → I have lived here since 2020.
  • How long do you work here? → How long have you worked here?
Present perfect s uzavřeným časemPresent perfect with a finished time
  • I have seen him yesterday. → I saw him yesterday.
  • When have you arrived? → When did you arrive?
Druhý tvar místo třetíhoSecond form instead of third
  • She has went home. → She has gone home.
  • I have wrote to him. → I have written to him.
for × sincefor × since
  • I have known her since ten years. → … for ten years.
  • We have lived here for 2019. → … since 2019.

Doplň zprávu: present perfect, nebo past simpleComplete the message: present perfect or past simple

Závěrečný test: present perfectFinal test: present perfect

Všechna cvičení s řešením

Klíč ke všem 109 úlohám na stránce. Když chceš cvičit, řešení si otevři až potom.

Have, nebo has? · 12
  1. She has lost her phone again.
  2. We have never been to Italy.
  3. My parents have just bought a new car.
  4. It has rained every day this week.
  5. have you ever eaten sushi?
  6. has Tom finished his homework yet?
  7. I have known her for ten years.
  8. The film has already started.
  9. Everybody has gone home.
  10. My friends have seen this film three times.
  11. have the children had lunch?
  12. Your English has improved a lot.
Třetí tvar slovesa · 12
  1. I have lost (lose) my keys.
  2. She has never been (be) to Scotland.
  3. We have finished (finish) the project.
  4. Have you seen (see) my glasses?
  5. He has written (write) three books.
  6. They have bought (buy) a new flat.
  7. I have forgotten (forget) his name.
  8. Has she taken (take) her medicine?
  9. We haven't eaten (eat) yet.
  10. You have grown (grow) so much!
  11. The price of petrol has gone (go) up again.
  12. I think I have broken (break) my phone.
For, nebo since? · 14
  1. for — ten years, a long time, three weeks, two hours, ages, a few days, six months
  2. since — 2020, Monday, last summer, I was a child, Christmas, 8 o'clock, my birthday
Present perfect, nebo past simple? · 14
  1. I haven't seen my keys since this morning. I can't open the door.
  2. I lost my keys yesterday, but I found them in the car.
  3. We have lived in Brno since 2018.
  4. We lived in Brno for five years, then we moved to Prague.
  5. She finished the book two weeks ago.
  6. She hasn't finished the book yet, so you can't borrow it.
  7. Did you see the match last night?
  8. Have you ever seen a whale?
  9. Shakespeare wrote 37 plays.
  10. My sister has written three books so far.
  11. When did you start learning English?
  12. I have had three coffees since breakfast, and it's only ten o'clock.
  13. In 2015 we took a trip to Canada.
  14. They got married in 2010.
Ever, never, just, already, nebo yet? · 12
  1. Spain is the most beautiful country I've ever seen.
  2. I've never seen snow in my life. I'm from Egypt.
  3. The bus has just left. We missed it by a minute.
  4. Don't tell me the ending! I haven't seen it yet.
  5. I don't need to read the book. I've already read it twice.
  6. The post hasn't arrived yet.
  7. She has never been late. She's always on time.
  8. Is this the best pizza you've ever eaten?
  9. I've just got home. Give me five minutes.
  10. We haven't decided yet.
  11. He has never been abroad. This is his first trip.
  12. What's the strangest food you've ever tried?
Been, nebo gone? · 6
  1. Tom isn't here. He has gone to the shop.
  2. I have been to Paris twice.
  3. Where have you been? I was worried!
  4. My parents have gone to Spain. They're back next week.
  5. Have you ever been to a concert?
  6. Sorry, Jana has gone home. She left ten minutes ago.
Slož větu · 8
  1. Have you ever been to Scotland? Byl jsi někdy ve Skotsku?
  2. I have never eaten sushi. Nikdy jsem nejedl sushi.
  3. She has just left. Právě odešla.
  4. How long have you lived here? Jak dlouho tu bydlíš?
  5. We haven't finished yet. Ještě jsme neskončili.
  6. Has the film started yet? Už začal film?
  7. I have known him since 2015. Znám ho od roku 2015.
  8. They have already paid. Už zaplatili.
Správně, nebo špatně? · 12
  1. I live here since 2020. → I have lived here since 2020.
  2. I have seen him yesterday. → I saw him yesterday.
  3. Have you ever been to Prague? ✓
  4. She has went home. → She has gone home.
  5. I know her for ten years. → I have known her for ten years.
  6. We have finished the project last week. → We finished the project last week.
  7. He hasn't called yet. ✓
  8. I have been in London in 2019. → I was in London in 2019.
  9. How long do you work here? → How long have you worked here?
  10. They've just arrived. ✓
  11. When have you arrived? → When did you arrive?
  12. I have lived in Olomouc for three years, and I still love it. ✓
Zpráva kamarádce · 4
  1. Hi Eva,
  2. sorry I haven't written (not write) for so long! So much has happened (happen) since January.
  3. I have found (find) a new job. I started (start) there on 1 March and I really like it.
  4. Last month we moved (move) to a flat near the river. We have lived (live) there for three weeks now.
  5. Have you been (you / be) to Brno? You must visit us!
  6. Love, Petra
Závěrečný test · 15
  1. She has been to Spain three times.
  2. I have known him since we were kids.
  3. We saw the new Bond film last night.
  4. Have you ever ridden a horse?
  5. It's the first time I have been here.
  6. They have lived here since 2019.
  7. I haven't seen her for ages.
  8. The parcel hasn't arrived yet.
  9. When did you buy that coat?
  10. Oh no! I have lost my wallet!
  11. He has gone home. He'll be back at six.
  12. My grandad worked in a factory for 40 years. He retired in 2010.
  13. How long have you had this car?
  14. I've just finished my homework. Can I go out now?
  15. Has she ever been to America?

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Aplikace VocabMint

Present perfect — časté otázky

Jak se tvoří present perfect?

have / has + třetí tvar slovesa (past participle). I have worked, she has gone. Pravidelná slovesa mají ve třetím tvaru -ed (work – worked), nepravidelná vlastní tvar (go – went – gone). Zápor: haven't / hasn't, otázka: Have you…? Has she…?

Kdy použít present perfect a kdy past simple?

Past simple, když víme, kdy se to stalo, a ten čas je uzavřený: yesterday, last week, in 2019, two years ago, When…? Present perfect, když čas neuvádíme nebo trvá do teď a věc souvisí se současností: I have lost my keys (a teď je nemám), Have you ever been to London?

Proč se říká I have lived here since 2020, když česky je to přítomný čas?

Protože angličtina u děje, který začal v minulosti a trvá do teď, používá present perfect. Česky Bydlím tu od roku 2020, anglicky I have lived here since 2020. Věta I live here since 2020 je nejčastější chyba Čechů v časech.

Jaký je rozdíl mezi for a since?

for + délka času: for ten years, for two hours, for ages. since + začátek: since 2020, since Monday, since I was a child. Česky obojí „od“ nebo „už“.

Jaký je rozdíl mezi been a gone?

He has gone to Spain = odjel a je pořád tam. He has been to Spain = byl tam a už je zpátky, nebo to má za sebou jako zkušenost.

Kam patří already, just, yet, ever a never?

just, already, ever, never stojí mezi have/has a třetí tvar: I have just eaten. yet patří na konec otázky nebo záporu: Have you finished yet? I haven't finished yet.

Je present perfect předpřítomný čas?

Ano. Česká učebnicová jména jsou předpřítomný čas (present perfect), přítomný čas prostý (present simple) a minulý čas prostý (past simple). Čeština žádný předpřítomný čas nemá, proto je pro Čechy tak těžký.

Další lekce angličtiny

Past simple × past continuous

Minulý čas: I cooked, nebo I was cooking?

I was cooking when the phone rang.Otevřít →

Nepravidelná slovesa

Třetí tvar pro present perfect: tabulka a cvičení.

go – went – goneOtevřít →

Otázky v present simple

Do, nebo does, slovosled a krátké odpovědi.

Does she work here?Otevřít →

Další lekce angličtiny

Všechny lekce angličtiny →
Minulé časy

Past simple × past continuous

I was cooking when the phone rang.

Kdy který čas, when a while a chyby, které Češi dělají nejčastěji.

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A1A2B1B2C1
29. 9. 2026
PředložkyNové

In, on, at

on the bus · at night

Předložky místa a času, on the bus × in the car a at Christmas × on Christmas Day.

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Přítomný časNové

Otázky v present simple

Does she work here?

Do, nebo does, slovosled, tázací slova a krátké odpovědi: Yes, I do.

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