VocabMint · hotová hodina angličtiny

He said he was tired

Reported speech: what moves, what stays, and what you call it.

Nepřímá řeč od B1 k B2 — co se posouvá, co ne, a jak tomu říct jedním slovesem.

B1 → B2 90 minut sekce Reported speech výuka en · výklad en + cs web 77 cvičení cena zdarma vydáno VocabMint 90 cvičení →
Gramatika B1 · chybuje se i na C1

Mechanika posunu je B1. Přesto ji plynní mluvčí pletou dál — protože čeština posun časů nedělá vůbec a doslovný překlad je asi v polovině případů správně. Chyba, která je často správná, se nikdy neopraví.

Druhý zdroj chyb je lexikální: české říct pokrývá say i tell. Odtud nesmrtelné „He said me“ — a protože to není chyba v čase, procvičováním posunu časů se jí student nezbaví. Musí se opravovat zvlášť.

Pro učitele · Teacher only90 min

Plán hodiny

B1 — zvládne i mírně pokročilýB2 — odsud dál; s B1 skupinou se dá skončit u předěluB1 · B2 — základ, na kterém chybují i pokročilí — nepřeskakovat

One big idea sits behind reported speech: you are talking now about words someone said then, and the sentence has to show it. Czech shows it too — the person changes, the pronouns change, tady becomes tam, zítra becomes druhý den. All of that you already do without thinking. But English does one more thing that Czech never does — and that single step is the whole lesson. Find it first.

Osobu, zájmena i tady/zítra v češtině měníš sám od sebe. Angličtina dělá ještě něco navíc — a přesně to hledáš v zahřátí.

Warm-up · ZahřátíB15 min

What changed?

Grammar · VýkladB110 min

One step back in time

When you report with a past verb (said, told, asked, admitted), the verb after it usually goes one step back. It moves once, not twice. Some verbs cannot move at all, because they are already at the back.

There are also places where the verb doesn't move at all. That is a choice, not a rule — see When the verb doesn't move B2.

Practice · CvičeníB110 min

Does it move?

Grammar · VýkladB14 min

Words for time and place move too

The verb is not the only thing that shifts. Tomorrow was tomorrow when the words were spoken — by the time you report them, it is a different day, so the word has to move as well.

Only move them if the situation really has moved. Reporting on the same day, today stays today.

Practice · CvičeníB110 min

Report it

Everything from the last three sections in one place. The first four move only the verb; from number five on, the time and place words have to move as well — and that is where people drop one of the two.

Grammar · VýkladB1 · B28 min

say or tell?

say
say (that) …
say something (to sb)
✗ no person straight after it
He said (that) he was busy.
He said me that he was busy.
tell
tell sb (that) …
tell sb something
✓ a person straight after it
He told me (that) he was busy.
He told that he was busy.
explaindescribe suggestmention
something to sb — never a bare person
He explained me the rules.He explained the rules to me. He suggested me to take the train.He suggested taking the train.
vocabulary, not grammar

say hello, sorry, a few words, nothing. Tell the truth, a lie, a story, a joke, the time, the difference — these are the fixed pairs where tell needs no person: He told a joke. Never tell a lie.

🇨🇿 Srovnání s češtinou

České říct pokrývá obě anglická slovesa a bere si 3. pád bez předložky: Řekl mi, že… Angličtina to rozdělila: say osobu za sebou mít nesmí, tell ji naopak čeká — bez ní stojí jen v těch pevných spojeních nad tímhle rámečkem.

Stejný 3. pád stojí i za druhou sérií chyb: Vysvětlil mi to. Navrhl mi, ať jedeme vlakem. Anglicky se k těmhle slovesům osoba připojuje jen přes to — nebo vůbec.

Grammar · VýkladB110 min

Asking, not telling

A reported question stops being a question. It gets statement word order, it loses do/does/did, and it loses the question mark.

wh-question
Where do you live?
He asked me where I lived.
Not where did I live. You need do / did only once, in the real question. In the report it disappears.
What happened?
He asked what had happened.
A subject question (what/who as the subject) never had do/did to begin with — there is nothing to delete, only the tense steps back.
yes / no question
Have you finished?
She asked if / whether I had finished.
Questions with yes/no answers need if or whether. Whether is the one you use before or not: whether or not she knew.
Are you coming?
He asked if I was coming.
With be, there was never a do/did either — the rule is still if/whether, it just has nothing to remove this time.
order / request
Don't wait for me.
He told me not to wait for him.
Orders and requests use tell / ask / warn someone (not) to do. Never He told me don't wait.
Please close the door.
She asked me to close the door.
Same pattern without the negative — sb (not) to do covers a request and a warning with one construction.
🇨🇿 Srovnání s češtinou
slovosled — čeština radí dobře

Čeština v nepřímé otázce taky neinvertuje: Zeptal se, kde bydlím. Slovosled tedy není místo, kde by mateřština škodila — a stojí za to to říct nahlas, ať se na tom netráví čas.

skutečná chyba je jinde

Chyba He asked me where do I live nepřichází z češtiny, ale z anglické přímé otázky: student si přetáhne do you, protože se ho naučil jako součást otázky. Uč to jako mazání pomocného slovesa, ne jako nové pravidlo slovosledu. České jestli / zda sedí na if / whether bez poznámky.

Odsud dál B2

Nahoře byla mechanika: který tvar se mění a na co. Odsud jde o volbu — kdy tvar naopak nechat být, jakým slovesem to říct a jak reportovat, když zdroj nemá jméno. Se skupinou na B1 se dá hodina ukončit přesně tady a pokračovat příště.

Grammar · VýkladB28 min

When the verb doesn't move

Backshift is the default, not a duty. Three kinds of sentence stay exactly where they are — and knowing which is what separates a report from a transcript. Start with this:

Three situations where nothing moves

Three situations where the present tense stays put:

reporting verb isn't past
I'm on my way.
She says / She has just told me she's on her way.
Nothing to step back from — the reporting verb itself isn't in the past.
still true, meant to sound that way
I work in Ostrava.
She told me she works in Ostrava.
Backshift here would quietly suggest she doesn't work there any more.
permanently true
Water boils at 100 °C.
He said water boils at 100 °C.
Shifting it is also fine here — but only shifting sounds like you doubt it.
Grammar · VýkladB25 min

The modals that go back a different way

Might, could, should, would, ought to and used to have no past form, so they cannot step back. What they have instead is a perfect infinitivemight have known, should have asked, could have gone. It is tempting to treat that as the missing past tense. It isn't.

I might know the answer.
He said he might know the answer.
The possibility is about knowing it now. Nothing moves.
I might have known the answer.
He said he might have known the answer.
The possibility is about an earlier moment — and it was already there in the original. Nothing moves here either.

Might have known reports a different sentence, not a backshifted one. The perfect infinitive moves the event back, not the report.

One honest exception: where a modal has no past form at all, the perfect infinitive does end up covering for it — but only when the situation itself is over. He must be joking. → told a week later: She said he must have been joking.

🇨🇿 Srovnání s češtinou
odkud se to bere

Čeština má u modálních sloves plnohodnotný minulý čas: mohl vědět, měl se zeptat, musel to vědět, směl jít. Angličtina ho u might, should, ought to, must nemá vůbec — a proto si vypůjčuje have + příčestí.

past, na kterou to láká

Čech tedy u might know podvědomě hledá minulý tvar a najde might have known — vypadá to jako přesný protějšek mohl vědět. Jenže to není posun času, to je jiná věta: možnost se tím přesune do minulosti, i kdyby ji tam mluvčí nikdy nedal.

„I might know." → He said he might have known. — přidali jsme minulost, která v originále nebyla
„I might know." → He said he might know.„I might have known." → He said he might have known.
Grammar · VýkladB212 min

Nobody just said it

This is the part that is actually B2. Below B2, reporting means copying words and fixing the tense. At B2 you summarise: one well-chosen verb carries what a whole sentence of the original said — and carries your position on it. He said he hadn't done it is a transcript. He denied doing it is a report.

patternverbsexample
+ thatsay, claim, complain, deny, explain, insist, mention, reply, suggest, warnHe claimed (that) he had paid.
+ sb + thattell, remind, warn, promise, assure, convinceShe reminded me that the shop closed at six.
+ to doagree, offer, promise, refuse, threaten, decide, claimHe offered to drive us home.
+ sb + to doadvise, ask, beg, encourage, invite, order, persuade, remind, tell, warn (not to)She persuaded me to stay.
+ -ingadmit, deny, suggest, recommend, mention, regretHe denied taking the money.
+ prep + -ingapologise for, insist on, object to, confess toHe apologised for being late.
+ sb + prep + -ingaccuse sb of, blame sb for, congratulate sb on, thank sb for, warn sb againstShe accused me of lying.

⚠️ suggest and recommend never take a person + to-infinitive. He suggested me to go.He suggested going. / He suggested (that) I go.

Grammar · VýkladB25 min

One Czech word, one English construction

Sometimes you report without naming anyone: the source is people, the news, everybody. English has three ways to do it.

formexample
It is said that …It is said that the house is haunted.
Subject + is said to doThe house is said to be haunted.
Subject + is said to have doneHe is said to have left the country.
one adverbapparently · supposedly · reportedly · allegedly (accusations only)

The same frame works with believed, thought, expected, reported, known, understood.

🇨🇿 Čeština to umí jedním slovem

Česky stačí prý. Jedna slabika, nese celý význam „někdo to říká, já za to neručím“. Angličtina na to nemá jediné slovo — potřebuje celou konstrukci, a student si ji proto nikdy sám nepostaví; místo toho řekne People say that… pořád dokola.

Proto je tohle nejlepší vstup do pasivních vazeb, jaký čeština nabízí: student přesně ví, co chce říct, a chybí mu jen tvar.

Prý se rozvádějí. → They're said to be getting divorced. / Apparently they're getting divorced.
Prý to ukradl. → He allegedly stole it.
Grammar · VýkladB24 min

Which way is “towards”?

Four verbs point at a place instead of a time: come, go, bring, take. They don't follow the clock, they follow where you are standing when you report — so the same words come out differently depending on where you say them. This is the one part of reported speech that no table can settle for you.

Before you report them, ask one question:

From where I am now — is the movement towards me or away from me?  Towards → come / bring.  Away → go / take. Quick test: are you standing in the place you are talking about? Then nothing changes at all.

Can you come in early tomorrow?
Reporting at home: He asked me to go in early the next day.
You are at home now, so the office is away from you.
Can you come in early tomorrow?
Reporting at the office: He asked me to come in early tomorrow.
Same words, different report — you never left, so nothing moved. Even tomorrow stays.
I'll come to your place at eight.
He said he would come to my place at eight.
⚠️ Here come survives even though you moved — the destination is where you are. It was never about who travelled; it is about which way the arrow points from you.
Bring your own laptop.
She told us to take our own laptops.
Said in the training room, reported at home — the laptops now travel away from where you are.

So She said she'd bring some cake is perfectly right — as long as you are still in that office when you say it.

Speaking · MluveníB1 · B217 min

The Alibi

2 suspects + whole class17 minuttabule / flipchartbez přípravy

Yesterday evening, between eight and eleven, a laptop disappeared from the staff room. Two people were seen near the building. They say they were together all evening. Your job is not to ask the questions — it is to report the answers and find where the two stories stop matching.

  1. Pick two volunteers. Send them out of the room for four minutes to agree on their alibi in detail: where they went, what they ate, who paid, what the weather was like, how they got home, what was on TV.
  2. While they are out, the class writes ten questions. Remind them: the boring questions (“Where were you?”) get a prepared answer. The winning questions are the small ones nobody rehearses — Who paid? What did the waiter look like? Which side of the table were you on?
  3. Suspect A comes in alone and is questioned. Suspect B waits outside and hears nothing.
  4. Swap. The class asks the same ten questions — that is what makes the contradictions visible.
  5. Now the reporting. Each contradiction has to be said out loud as one sentence: “She said they'd had pizza, but he said they'd gone for sushi.” Write them on the board as they come.
  6. Verdict: three solid contradictions = guilty. The class votes.

The rule that makes it a B2 activity: the word said is banned after the first three uses. Everything else has to be reported with a verb that carries a position — claimed, insisted, admitted, denied, couldn't remember, swore, changed her story. Put the list on the board before step 5 and cross off said when the third one is used.

Why this activity and not a gap-fill: backshift and the past perfect appear on their own, because the students genuinely need them — the contradiction only exists if you can keep “what she said” and “what he said” apart in one sentence. Nobody has to be told to use reported speech.

Speaking · MluveníB25 min

The rumour mill

celá třída, ve stoje5 minutnastříhané lístky

Each student gets a slip with one piece of small-town news — A local man has been living in the Tesco car park for six years. · The mayor's brother has bought the swimming pool. · The new teacher used to be in a band.

  1. Mingle. Pass your news on using is said to, is believed to, apparently or reportedly — never “I read that”.
  2. Every time you pass it on, add one small detail of your own.
  3. After four minutes, sit down. Read out the version you ended up with, then find the person who started it and compare.

Tie it back to the board: prý went round the room eight times and never once needed a subject. That is exactly what the English passive frame is for.

Take away · Shrnutí

Five things to leave with

  1. The step back is a choice. Shift by default; keep the present when it is still true and you want it to sound that way.
  2. say has no person, tell must have one. And explain / suggest / describe take a person only through to — or not at all.
  3. A reported question is a statement. Statement word order, no do/did, no question mark, if or whether for yes/no.
  4. Put the message in the verb. Denied, admitted, offered, threatened, insisted — each one saves you a sentence and says where you stand.
  5. prý is a construction, not a word. It is said that… · He is said to have… · apparently.
Procvič si to dál ve VocabMintu

Sekce Reported speech, pět kroků, 90 cvičení s výkladem v češtině — doplňování, oprava chyb, výběr slovesa, slovosled i řazení do sloupců. Jiné věty než tady, takže to není stejná práce podruhé.

Otevřít ve VocabMintu →
Pro učitele · Teacher's notes

Osm věcí, které tuhle hodinu rozhodnou

Materiál je zdarma — vytiskni ho, použij ve výuce, pošli dál. Stránka funguje bez přihlášení i bez aplikace. Vytištěný list nese na každé straně QR zpátky sem, takže se neztratí ani po pátém okopírování.

Poznámka k mockupu — proč je česky přesně tohle a nic víc

Nic, co student dělá, není česky. Zadání, věty, možnosti, aktivity — všechno anglicky. Na B2 je přečtení pokynu Choose the verb that reports the quote best samo o sobě cvičení; český pokyn by byl krok zpátky a navíc by rozbil rytmus hodiny, ve které se má myslet anglicky.

Česky jsou tři věci, každá z jiného důvodu:

Která srovnání s češtinou se vyplatí: posun časů (čeština ho nemá — vysvětlí většinu chyb v tématu), říct = say i tell (jeden dativ za dvěma slovesy a za explained me / suggested me to), prý (jedno slovo proti celé anglické konstrukci — nejlepší vstup do pasivních vazeb, jaký čeština nabízí) a slovosled nepřímé otázky, kde čeština naopak radí dobře — to je taky informace a ušetří to čas.

Co se česky nevysvětluje: tabulka posunů (mechanická, angličtina si ji vyloží sama), časová a místní slovní zásoba (to je slovíčkování) a vazby sloves — čeština k nim nemá co dodat a jen by přidala šum.

Co je převzaté z české větve: učitelský režim (?ucitel=1, odkrývá plán hodiny a tipy a rovnou i klíč), tiskové sestavy student/učitel, oko u každé položky pro odkrytí jediné odpovědi, tlačítko Do plánu hodiny do Studia a tiskový pruh s QR. QR se generuje při stavbě stránky jako data-URI (qr_data_uri() v build_lekce.py) — schválně ne z cizí služby, protože vytištěný list s prázdným čtvercem už nikdo neopraví. Šablona je tedy jedna pro všechny jazyky; jazykově závislé jsou jen texty v ní.

Co chybí, aby tahle lekce šla vydat: (1) scripts/build_lekce.py má 121 míst s natvrdo psaným cs/uk a dvojjazyčné popisky vypálené v šabloně — pro angličtinu z nich musí být data. Interaktivitu generátor naopak umí — hotové české stránky mají u každé položky „zkontrolovat“ i „ukázat odpověď“; (2) exportér má u položky natvrdo klíč uk jako záložní překlad (p.get("uk")), takže anglická lekce musí psát vysvetleni: {en, cs} a na tu zkratku se nespoléhat; (3) jiné věty pro web a VocabMint (polozky_appka) jsou zatím jen návrh — tady jsou napsané zvlášť rovnou; (4) bez řádku v content_approvals pro en lekci ve VocabMintu nikdo neuvidí; (5) odkaz vede na záložku Procvičovat, ne rovnou na sekci — gramatická témata se otevírají přes pushScreen na /view/:seq, což je jen v paměti a zvenčí se na to odkázat nedá. Hluboký odkaz by chtěl vlastní routu.

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